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El Salvador Bitcoin Holdings Now Exceed IMF Loan

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El Salvador Bitcoin Holdings pioneering journey began in September 2021, making it the first nation to adopt cryptocurrency as legal tender, as Crypto DeFinance previously noticed.

President Nayib Bukele’s bold moves have continued, including consistent Bitcoin purchases since November 2022.

El Salvador’s holdings are estimated to be well over 2,300 Bitcoins, demonstrating a deep commitment to a cryptocurrency-integrated future, potentially putting the country in a unique position as its Bitcoin investments may continue to appreciate.

With its cryptocurrency reserves currently surpassing its IMF loan, El Salvador stands at the forefront of a transformative economic paradigm shift.

A Visionary Approach to El Salvador Bitcoin Holdings:

El Salvador Bitcoin holdings strategy gains momentum as its cryptocurrency reserves outstrip its IMF loan, underscoring its commitment to a cryptocurrency-driven future. Explore how this move could reshape the nation's economic landscape and the relationship with the IMF.
El salvador bitcoin adoption

President Bukele’s visionary outlook sees Bitcoin as instrumental in fostering financial inclusion and catalyzing economic advancement. By envisioning El Salvador as a vibrant cryptocurrency hub, the President aims to attract investment and innovation, leveraging the potential of blockchain technology to revolutionize various sectors of the economy.

Impacts and Opportunities of Bitcoin Implementation:

  1. Financial Inclusion: Empowering the Unbanked:
    The introduction of Bitcoin and the Chivo Wallet presents a smartphone-based alternative to traditional banking, offering greater financial autonomy to previously underserved communities. Facilitating microtransactions and reducing remittance costs, Bitcoin opens avenues for economic participation and empowerment, particularly benefiting rural populations.

    Furthermore, the Chivo Wallet enables Salvadorans to seamlessly conduct transactions without relying on traditional banking infrastructure, thereby reducing barriers to entry for individuals without access to banking services. This democratization of financial services aligns with President Bukele’s vision of inclusive economic growth.

  2. Economic Revitalization:
    El Salvador’s heavy reliance on remittances has historically been hindered by high fees and slow transfers. The decentralized nature of Bitcoin promises faster, cheaper, and more secure money transfers, providing direct benefits to families dependent on these remittances.

    Moreover, the country’s pro-Bitcoin stance attracts cryptocurrency enthusiasts and investors, potentially invigorating local businesses and attracting foreign investment.

  3. Tourism Atraction:
    The influx of “Bitcoin tourists” could stimulate the hospitality and service sectors, creating new employment opportunities and fostering entrepreneurship.

    These visitors, drawn to El Salvador’s Bitcoin-friendly environment bring the will to spend their cryptocurrency, boosting local businesses from beachside vendors to upscale restaurants. This influx of capital can empower local entrepreneurs to launch new ventures, catering to the growing crypto-enthusiast market.

    Additionally, El Salvador’s embrace of Bitcoin positions it as an attractive destination for crypto-related businesses seeking a favorable regulatory environment. This could attract a wave of startups, investors, and talent, creating a dynamic hub for blockchain innovation.

    The result could be a surge in high-skilled jobs, stimulating research and development, and potentially placing El Salvador at the forefront of the evolving crypto-economy.

Challenges and Considerations on El Salvador move:

Despite the promising prospects, challenges such as technological barriers and educational gaps underscore the nascent stage of Bitcoin adoption in El Salvador. The full realization of its benefits hinges on widespread adoption and overcoming these hurdles over time.

Furthermore, volatility and regulatory uncertainties in the cryptocurrency market pose risks to individual investors and the broader economy. Effective risk management strategies and regulatory frameworks will be essential to mitigate these challenges and ensure the sustainable growth of El Salvador’s cryptocurrency ecosystem.

President Bukele Vision:

President Bukele envisions El Salvador becoming a global epicenter of cryptocurrency innovation, leveraging Bitcoin to drive economic growth and inclusivity. Beyond Bitcoin, he explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology across various sectors, laying the groundwork for a digital economy revolution.

His ambitious vision encompasses initiatives to integrate blockchain technology into governance processes, healthcare systems, and financial services to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accessibility. By embracing digital currencies and blockchain technology, President Bukele seeks to position El Salvador as a trailblazer in the digital revolution, setting an example for other nations to follow the country.

IMF Criticizes El Salvador as Bitcoin Outperforms Traditional Loan
IMF Criticizes El Salvador as Bitcoin Outperforms Traditional Loan

The Relationship with the IMF:

The adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador has had a significant impact on the country’s relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF has consistently expressed concerns about the use of Bitcoin as legal tender due to the financial risks and liabilities it poses, particularly about financial stability, consumer protection, and the associated fiscal contingent liabilities.

In response to El Salvador’s adoption of Bitcoin as a legal tender, the IMF has urged the country to discontinue the use of Bitcoin as a legal tender and remove its legal tender status. The IMF’s concerns are based on the operational risks related to the volatile value of cryptocurrencies, cybersecurity risks, and financing risks associated with money laundering and terrorism.

Despite these concerns, El Salvador has continued to accumulate Bitcoin and plans to issue a $1 billion Bitcoin bond, which has been delayed multiple times. The country’s push to transition to Bitcoin as a means of international power politics and a challenge to the IMF has also been a factor in the strained relationship between El Salvador and the IMF.

Paving the Way for a Sovereign and Prosperous Future

El Salvador’s decision to allocate Bitcoin reserves exceeding the value of its IMF loan marks a historic milestone in global economics, signaling a departure from conventional monetary systems towards financial sovereignty. 

As the nation navigates the complexities of integrating Bitcoin, it presents an inspiring model for other nations to reconsider their approach to currency and embrace the opportunities of the digital age. 

With President Bukele’s unwavering vision, El Salvador emerges as a trailblazer in reshaping the future of money, poised to lead the digital revolution toward prosperity and opportunity for its citizens.

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Velvet Rally Accelerates As SpaceX IPO Fever Reaches Crypto Markets

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The Velvet (VELVET) chart tells a story that’s hard to ignore. After spending the better part of a year consolidating below $0.22, the token has exploded higher — surging over 300% since June 3 and briefly touching $1.10 before pulling back to trade around $0.87 at the time of writing. Looking at the daily chart, the move is near-vertical against months of flat price action, which makes the catalysts behind it worth examining closely.

Two announcements in quick succession appear to have done the repricing.

Trade.xyz Integration Opens the First Door

The rally’s starting gun was Velvet’s announced integration with Trade.xyz on June 3. The move is more significant than a typical partnership announcement — it represents a fundamental expansion of what the platform does. Rather than operating as a purely crypto-native tool, Velvet is now positioning itself as a single ecosystem where users can access crypto, stocks, commodities, research, and trade execution without jumping between separate applications.

That kind of multi-asset vision has been gaining traction as traders increasingly look for unified platforms that reduce friction. The breakout above the $0.20–$0.22 resistance zone — a level that had capped the price multiple times over the preceding months — came almost immediately after this announcement, suggesting the market considered it a genuine change in the project’s scope rather than a routine integration.

SpaceX IPO Mania Does the Rest

If the Trade.xyz integration lit the fuse, the pre-IPO announcement poured fuel on it. With SpaceX’s much-anticipated public debut increasingly on traders’ radar, Velvet announced that users can now access pre-IPO exposure to companies including SpaceX, OpenAI, and Anthropic — with leverage — directly on the platform.

That’s a compelling offer in the current environment. Pre-IPO access in traditional finance is generally reserved for institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals. The idea that retail crypto traders can get leveraged exposure to SpaceX before it officially lists is exactly the kind of narrative that spreads quickly across markets and drives speculative inflows at speed.

The timing of the price spike and the announcement aren’t coincidental.

Where Velvet Sits Now

Velvet has carved out a positioning that sits at the intersection of two of the most active narratives in markets right now: tokenized access to real-world assets and pre-IPO investing. Both themes have attracted serious capital in 2025 and 2026, and the combination of Trade.xyz’s multi-asset infrastructure with pre-IPO exposure to the most talked-about private companies gives the platform a differentiated pitch.

The chart, however, warrants some realism. A near-vertical move from under $0.15 to above $1.00 in a matter of days rarely holds without consolidation. The token has already pulled back from its peak, and whether it can establish the $0.20–$0.22 former resistance as a new support base will likely determine the near-term trajectory. A healthy retest of that zone after a move of this magnitude wouldn’t be unusual — and would arguably set a stronger foundation for any continuation.

For now, Velvet has the narrative, the announcements, and the chart to back the attention it’s receiving. Whether the momentum outlasts the initial excitement is the question traders are working through in real time.

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Monolythium Introduces Public Testnet After Full Protocol Reset

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Monolythium Foundation Introduces Public Testnet for Post-Quantum Rust/RISC-V Layer 1

Monolythium Foundation today introduced the public testnet for Monolythium, a rebuilt Layer 1 blockchain designed as settlement infrastructure for autonomous agents, post-quantum accounts, native markets, and operator-cluster infrastructure.

The launch follows a full protocol reset. On April 28, 2026, Monolythium decommissioned its predecessor Cosmos-based app-chain, including its earlier EVM-bridged surface, legacy test network, operator software, launchpad, and explorer. The project chose to rebuild the protocol around autonomous economic activity carried out by humans, companies, software agents, and online services on open settlement rails.

Monolythium’s position is that the next phase of blockchain infrastructure will not be defined only by wallets sending tokens. Software agents are beginning to request services, pay for APIs, buy compute, open escrow, negotiate terms, and act under delegated authority. That requires more than generic smart contracts. It requires identity, consent, spending policy, reputation, service discovery, native markets, and dispute resolution enforced below the application layer.

“Monolythium was not rebuilt to become a slightly faster version of an existing EVM chain,” said Nayiem Willems, founder of Monolythium. “The reset was about removing assumptions that would have limited the protocol later. If autonomous agents are going to hold identities, spend funds, pay service providers, open escrow, and build reputation across platforms, the settlement layer underneath them needs different primitives from day one.”

The rebuilt protocol is not EVM-compatible at execution. Existing Solidity contracts and EVM bytecode do not run natively on Monolythium. The execution layer is Rust-first and compiled to deterministic RISC-V artifacts, while common settlement functions are handled through native protocol modules instead of repeatedly redeployed application contracts.

Those native modules include asset standards, name registration, account policy, issuer attestations, service discovery, availability, reputation, escrow, bridge policy, spending limits, and a protocol-level spot central limit order book, or CLOB. The native CLOB is intended to provide shared spot-market infrastructure for token pairs, stablecoin pairs, compute, data, agent services, real-world assets, and other marketable resources without requiring every market to depend on a separate bespoke contract.

Monolythium deliberately excludes perpetual futures and margin trading from the base protocol. The market layer is designed around spot settlement rather than leveraged derivatives. The project’s view is that agents paying for services, buying compute, routing liquidity, or managing treasury balances need predictable markets and final settlement at the protocol layer.

Post-quantum cryptography is built into the protocol from the start. Monolythium uses ML-DSA-65 for account and consensus signatures. User accounts, operator identities, and consensus certificates are based on post-quantum signatures rather than classical elliptic-curve signatures. The reason is structural: if an account or autonomous agent accumulates reputation, consent history, commercial activity, and attestations over years, its key material becomes part of its economic identity. Monolythium is designed so that identity does not begin with a future migration problem.

At the consensus layer, Monolythium uses Starfish-C, a DAG-BFT design organized around vertices, waves, and anchors. Anchors serve as the user-facing finality unit for payments, orders, escrow updates, bridge routes, and agent actions.

Monolythium also uses operator clusters instead of treating a network operator as a single key controlled by one party. Operators join clusters, clusters admit operators, and infrastructure quality becomes visible through network tooling. The model is intended to make region, reliability, hardware profile, archive capability, oracle support, and other service tiers part of the operator market.

The public testnet also includes LythiumSeal, Monolythium’s encrypted mempool research track. LythiumSeal is designed to keep sealed transaction bodies opaque until ordering is locked, reducing the visibility that can enable front-running and transaction-order manipulation. It is live on testnet, open source, opt-in, and research-stage.

Monolythium mainnet has not launched. The current release is a public testnet intended for developers, operators, and researchers.

About Monolythium

Monolythium is a Rust/RISC-V-native Layer 1 blockchain designed as settlement infrastructure for the autonomous economy. The protocol combines post-quantum account and consensus signing, Starfish-C DAG-BFT consensus, native asset standards, a native spot CLOB, agent-commerce primitives, operator clusters, and hardened node infrastructure.

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ERC-7943 Enters Final Status as Ethereum’s Framework for Real-World Asset Tokenization

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The Universal Real-World Asset (uRWA) standard is now specification-frozen and ready for production adoption across Ethereum and EVM-compatible networks

ERC-7943, the Universal Real-World Asset (uRWA) standard, has reached Final status within Ethereum’s formal standards process. The specification is now frozen – with its interface, error definitions, event signatures, and behavioral requirements fixed – and is available for production adoption across Ethereum and EVM-compatible networks.

ERC-7943 defines a minimal, vendor-neutral interface for the compliant tokenization of real-world assets. The standard addresses transfer validation, asset freezing, forced transfers, and enforcement actions without binding implementers to a specific identity provider, jurisdictional framework, or compliance stack. This approach enables institutions and developers to deploy regulated assets across jurisdictions while retaining flexibility over underlying compliance infrastructure.

“ERC-7943 gives institutions and developers a modular interface for compliance, transfer controls, and enforcement, so they can deploy regulated assets in any jurisdiction without depending on a single vendor’s stack,”

said Dario Lo Buglio, lead author of ERC-7943. “Compliance becomes pluggable since the standard separates the on-chain interface from the underlying KYC, sanctions, and jurisdiction logic.”

Final status represents the threshold for enterprise adoption in Ethereum’s standards process, as proposals may undergo substantial changes before reaching this stage. ERC-7943 attained Final status following multiple cycles of community review through Ethereum Magicians and the EIP working group. With the standard now finalized, institutions and infrastructure providers can build on a stable specification designed for long-term interoperability.

Early adoption is already underway. The Capital Markets and Technology Association (CMTA) has integrated ERC-7943 into recent releases of CMTAT, its open-source tokenization framework deployed in institutional initiatives globally. Chainlink has separately demonstrated compatibility through a public pull request tied to its Asset Compliance Engine (ACE). Brickken plans to integrate ERC-7943 into upcoming institutional infrastructure upgrades, with the standard expected to become the default framework across its product suite. These developments signal a transition from specification to active deployment across infrastructure and compliance environments.

The coalition supporting ERC-7943 has grown since its September 2025 announcement and now spans the full RWA stack, encompassing issuance platforms, infrastructure providers, exchanges, marketplaces, identity vendors, and audit firms. Backers and contributors include Bit2me, Brickken, Casper Network, CMTA, Compellio, Dekalabs, DigiShares, Forte Protocol, FullyTokenized, Propchain, RealEstate.Exchange, Stobox, and Zoth. Hacken and QuillAudits serve as security and audit partners.

The standard is open for adoption by issuers, infrastructure providers, and developers building tokenized financial instruments. Documentation, reference implementations, and community channels are available at erc7943.org. The full specification is published at eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7943.

About Bit2me

Bit2Me is the leading cryptoassets company in Spain, registered with the CNMV as a Crypto Asset Service Provider (CASP). The company has been building crypto infrastructure for more than 10 years and holds several cybersecurity and regulatory compliance certifications, including: ISO 27001 for Information Security Management; ISO 22301 for Business Continuity Management; ISO 37001 for Anti-Bribery and Corporate Ethics; ISO 37301 for Compliance Management Systems; UNE 19601 for Criminal Compliance Management Systems; and the CSA STAR Level 1 certification. https://bit2me.com/

About Brickken 

Brickken is a global leader in the tokenization of real-world assets, offering a comprehensive SaaS platform that enables businesses to tokenize equity, debt, and revenue-sharing models. By integrating traditional finance with blockchain technology, Brickken provides tools to simplify asset management, enhance investor engagement, and unlock liquidity. With over $500 million in tokenized assets and a presence in 30 countries, Brickken is at the forefront of innovation in asset tokenization. To learn more about Brickken, visit www.brickken.com/

About Compellio

Compellio SA is a deeptech company headquartered in Luxembourg providing global infrastructure components for bridging the gap between web2 and web3 computing. Based on its patented technology, Compellio works with public and private organisations in driving regulatory-compliant solutions across multiple industries. Compellio’s tokenisation platform enables developers to abstract away the complexity of smart contracts and build standardised interoperability frameworks for the lifecycle management of their physical, digital, and hybrid assets. For more information, visit https://compellio.com

About Dekalabs

Dekalabs is a Valencia-based software development and digital transformation consultancy specializing in cutting-edge blockchain solutions. With a multidisciplinary and senior technical team, they deliver bespoke services spanning mobile applications, web applications, corporate solutions, UI/UX, and artificial intelligence (dekalabs.com).

About DigiShares

DigiShares is a market-leading provider of white-label software for the compliant issuance, management, and trading of tokenized real-world assets. The platform enables asset owners and fund managers to fractionalize assets, onboard global investors at low cost, and provide peer-to-peer or exchange-based liquidity through integrations with regulated venues such as RealEstate.Exchange. With more than 200 clients worldwide, offices in the US and Denmark, a network of 80+ legal partners, and integrations across Ethereum, Polygon, and other EVM chains, DigiShares offers one of the most flexible and customizable solutions in the industry. See www.digishares.io

About Hacken

Hacken is an end-to-end blockchain security & compliance partner for digital assets. Unlike traditional providers, Hacken was born on blockchain. We combine deep Web3 expertise with enterprise-grade quality, AI-powered offensive security, and globally recognized certifications. Since 2017, Hacken has been trusted by 1,500 adopters including the European Commission, ADGM, MetaMask, Ethereum Foundation, and Binance to secure the new digital frontier. Visit www.hacken.io

About the Forte Protocol

The Forte Protocol is a next-generation blockchain infrastructure that unlocks tokenized economies, enabling developers to define, launch, and monetize their on-chain projects. Through its ecosystem of products and services, Forte Protocol is the infrastructure layer for safe, enduring digital economies that generate long-term value for developers and users. For more information, visit ForteFoundation.io

About FullyTokenized

FullyTokenized is a boutique development company specializing in custom blockchain, tokenization, and Web3 solutions. With a proven track record of delivering successful projects in highly regulated financial environments, including for Fortune Global 500 institutions, the company has contributed to projects representing more than $500M in tokenized value. FullyTokenized also empowers Web3 startups, helping them launch products in under 90 days and scale within the decentralized ecosystem. Visit https://www.fullytokenized.com to learn more.

About Propchain

Propchain is the technology vertical of Prop.com, building institutional-grade infrastructure for real estate financing and tokenized capital markets. Backed by Prop.com’s ~$150M in AUM and active operations across Europe and the UAE, Propchain connects real-world deal flow to digital rails for origination, compliant issuance, lifecycle servicing, investor reporting, and secondary distribution. The company is building one of the world’s first fully unified, standardized, verified data infrastructure layers for real estate—harmonizing operational, financial, and legal data into auditable records that enhance underwriting, monitoring, and transparency. Securitisations are issued out of Luxembourg, aligning with European regulatory frameworks and institutional best practice. Propchain’s product suite, including PropYield, is purpose-built to bridge high-quality real assets with modern market infrastructure, enabling scalable access to real estate yield while preserving rigorous compliance, governance, and data integrity.

About RealEstate.Exchange

RealEstate.Exchange (REX) is the world’s first licensed and regulated exchange purpose-built for tokenized real estate shares. REX combines decentralized finance technology with full compliance layers, enabling investors worldwide—both retail and institutional—to trade tokenized real estate shares directly from their self-custodial wallets. The platform offers instantaneous atomic-swap settlement, competitive listing fees, and a liquidity framework supported by the BRICK token. With its global legal network and partnerships with licensed entities, REX aims to become the go-to venue for secondary trading of tokenized real estate, see www.realestate.exchange

About Stobox

Stobox is a turnkey asset tokenization provider and technology company focused on building the infrastructure for compliant digital assets. It enables businesses and individuals to transform real-world assets into tokenized instruments that are transparent, liquid, and accessible. Core solutions include Stobox 4 for token issuance and management, the STV3 Protocol for compliant token frameworks, Stobox DID for digital identity, and the Stobox Oracle for real-world data integration. Its structured methodology supports issuers across every stage of the tokenization lifecycle, from legal readiness to fundraising and secondary markets. Companies benefit from streamlined access to capital and global investors, while investors gain exposure to previously illiquid opportunities. https://www.stobox.io/

About Zoth

Zoth is reimagining global finance with the world’s first full-stack, modular Stablecoin Operating System, enabling enterprises and institutions to launch stablecoins and tokenized RWAs 90% faster and 70% cheaper. Its core products include FAAST (compliant tokenization infrastructure), Stablecoin Studio (stablecoin-in-a-box), ZeUSD (yield-bearing stablecoin), and PayX7 (stablecoin payments infrastructure).

Zoth delivers a full-stack suite spanning tokenization, payments, and yield management, supported by BVI & CIMA-regulated fund structures across 127 countries. Recognized by Messari as a top player in PayFi and RWAFi, Zoth combines compliance, scalability, and innovation to power the future of real-world finance. Visit https://zoth.io/.

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