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Ethereum surpassed Visa in 2021 concerning the sums traded.

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Ethereum has a high usage rate and a high fee structure, and the implementation of EIP-1559 has resolved some issues. In 2021 Ethereum Surpassed Visa concerning the sums traded on the network.

A detailed analysis of Ethereum in 2021 by Josh Stark points out that the second-largest cryptocurrency in the world has overtaken Visa in terms of value transacted. 

Last year alone, the Ethereum network handled the equivalent of $11.6 trillion in transactions.

In addition to this information, the article also provides data on the total fees paid on different blockchains, including Bitcoin

It also analyzes the arrival of second-layer solutions and the arrival of different players in the sector.

Finally, it is also possible to find detailed information about the ratio between emission and burning of ETH after the introduction of EIP-1559.

Ethereum surpassed Visa

The sums traded by Bitcoin and Ethereum are perhaps the most unexpected facts uncovered in this research.

While Visa transacted a total of 10.4 trillion dollars in 2021, Bitcoin moved US$ 4.6 trillion, passing PayPal. 

Ethereum managed to double the volume of BTC and surpass Visa after closing the year with a volume of transactions equivalent to 11.6 trillion dollars.

Ethereum has a high usage rate as well as a high fee structure and the implementation of EIP-1559 has resolved some issues. In 2021 Ethereum Surpassed Visa concerning the sums trades on the network.

Although it seems that Bitcoin is losing this fight, it is worth remembering that most transactions on Ethereum involve tokens, fungible or not. That is, both have their merits here.

High Usage and High Fees on Ethereum Network

As most blockchains work as an auction system, where transactions with higher fees are accepted first, it is no surprise to find expensive fees when networks are overloaded.

With the explosion of DeFi, NFT, play-to-earn gaming sectors, scalability has been Ethereum’s weak point ever since. In other words, he could be a lot bigger if his rates were cheaper.

The chart below compares some payment solutions’ total fees paid in 2021.

Ethereum has a high usage rate as well as a high fee structure and the implementation of EIP-1559 has resolved some issues. In 2021 Ethereum Surpassed Visa concerning the sums trades on the network.

While a 10-fold difference between ETH and BTC draws attention, Visa’s $24 billion is the focus. After all, this profit belongs to the company. In cryptocurrencies, this profit goes to the miners.

Second layer solutions

Because of the scalability mentioned above, the latter half of 2021 was defined by second-tier solutions on Ethereum. Escaping high fees is the main reason.

Ethereum has a high usage rate as well as a high fee structure and the implementation of EIP-1559 has resolved some issues. In 2021 Ethereum Surpassed Visa concerning the sums trades on the network.

The article highlights that Ethereum validated around 1.2 million transactions per day and that the arrival of these second-tier solutions is managing to increase this number, which is currently at its limit.

The Growth in use cases of Cryptocurrency

Another important observation from Stark’s Ethereum 2021 retrospective is the expansion of cryptocurrency use cases, mainly linked to Ethereum itself.

While until the year 2020, the vast majority of people who lived off cryptocurrencies were investors, developers, and companies. The expansion of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) attracted other professionals to this universe.

For example, artists selling their artwork on NFT are often used by athletes such as Stephen Curry, which also has strong ties to Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. Currently, he is a partner in one of the largest exchanges in the world and collects NFTs.

Ethereum has a high usage rate as well as a high fee structure and the implementation of EIP-1559 has resolved some issues. In 2021 Ethereum Surpassed Visa concerning the sums trades on the network.

Stark compares revenue between Ethereum and other services used by artists such as Spotify and YouTube Music in the chart above. Pointing out the potential of blockchain, still little explored.

The Ethereum burns with the EIP-1559.

Finally, the report highlights Ethereum’s economic shift in August through EIP-1559. With it, part of the transaction fees began to be burned, reducing the total supply of ETH.

Ethereum has a high usage rate as well as a high fee structure and the implementation of EIP-1559 has resolved some issues. In 2021 Ethereum Surpassed Visa concerning the sums trades on the network.

With a reward of 2 ETH per block, generated every ~15 seconds, Ethereum would have inflation of around 11,520 ethers per day. In November, the network burned its one-millionth ETH.

Despite this, the amount was lowered once the burn was introduced.

Highlighting the end of October, when Ethereum became a deflationary asset for eight consecutive days, that is, the number of ethers decreased in this period.

Ultimately, this shows that ignoring cryptocurrencies is a mistake. 

Like the director of Microsoft, the most visionary already admit that Ethereum will be the new application store.

On the other hand, Bitcoin gains more space as a store of value with each passing day, and today both are dominant in their areas.

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H Token Plunges 82% After $32 Million Exploit Hits Humanity Protocol

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Humanity Protocol’s H token collapsed on Tuesday following a security breach that drained more than $32 million from the project. The token opened the day near $0.67, fell sharply to around $0.13, and at one point briefly touched $0.05 as sell pressure intensified throughout the session. By the time trading settled, H had lost roughly 82% of its value in a single day.

The scale of the damage — and the speed of the collapse — put Humanity Protocol among the more severe crypto security incidents of 2026.

How the Attack Unfolded

Project founder Terence Kwok confirmed that the breach originated from the theft of private keys belonging to a member of the Humanity Foundation. Private keys grant complete control over a crypto wallet, and once an attacker has them, there’s little standing between them and the funds inside.

On-chain data revealed the attacker moved through approximately 17 wallets connected to the project. Beyond transferring existing tokens, they also minted around 100 million new H tokens — worth roughly $11 million — on the BNB Chain. Those tokens were then sold for Ether, amplifying the downward pressure on price and raising concerns about continued selling as the stolen supply continues to hit the market.

The Humanity Protocol team has advised users to avoid the project’s bridge infrastructure and liquidity pools until the situation is fully contained. The team confirmed it is working with security firms and exchange partners on an ongoing investigation.

Where Humanity Protocol Fits in the Broader Landscape

Humanity Protocol is a decentralized identity platform built around palm-scanning biometrics and zero-knowledge cryptography. The concept allows users to prove they are human without exposing personal data — positioning it as a direct competitor to Sam Altman’s Worldcoin initiative. It’s a compelling use case, which makes the timing of this breach particularly damaging for the project’s credibility.

A Pattern That Keeps Repeating in 2026

What’s striking about this incident is how familiar it looks. The table below, drawn from recent on-chain records, captures the pattern:

Humanity Protocol — Tuesday — Over $32 million — Private key compromise Drift — April 2026 — About $285 million — Administrator key theft Kelp DAO — April 2026 — About $292 million — Single-validator bridge flaw

In April, Solana-based Drift exchange lost nearly $285 million after an administrator key was compromised. Kelp DAO suffered roughly $292 million in losses through a single-validator bridge vulnerability in the same month. All three incidents share a common thread — the vulnerability wasn’t a smart contract flaw buried in code. It was human-layer access control failing at a critical point.

That distinction matters. Smart contract bugs can be audited and patched before deployment. Private key security depends on operational practices, personnel trust, and storage hygiene — areas where even well-funded projects have repeatedly come up short this year. As crypto projects scale and handle larger treasuries, the weakest link increasingly isn’t the protocol itself.

H token was last seen trading around $0.13, with on-chain activity suggesting assets continued to flow out even as this article was being written.

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Crypto

Strategy Buys $2.5B in Bitcoin, Holdings Surpass 800,000 BTC

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Michael Saylor’s company Strategy has made another massive Bitcoin purchase, pushing its total holdings past 800,000 BTC and reinforcing its position as the largest public holder of the asset.

Massive $2.5 Billion Bitcoin Purchase

Strategy acquired 34,164 Bitcoin for approximately $2.54 billion between April 13 and April 19, according to a recent SEC filing.

The purchase ranks as the company’s third-largest Bitcoin buy ever, highlighting its continued aggressive accumulation strategy.

The coins were bought at an average price of $74,395 per BTC, slightly below Strategy’s overall average purchase price.

Total Holdings Now Above 800K BTC

Following the latest acquisition, Strategy now holds:

  • 815,061 BTC total
  • Purchased for roughly $61.56 billion

This milestone comes just one week after the company revealed a separate $1 billion Bitcoin purchase, showing how rapidly it continues to scale its position.

Funded Largely Through STRC Offering

A significant portion of the latest purchase was funded through Strategy’s preferred stock offering:

  • $2.18 billion (85.7%) came from STRC issuance
  • $366 million came from selling Class A shares (MSTR)

The STRC program has become a core funding mechanism for Strategy’s Bitcoin accumulation strategy.

Record-Breaking Buying Activity

The company also set new internal records during the buying period.

On April 13 and 14 alone, Strategy executed massive purchases tied to its at-the-market (ATM) program:

  • ~7,741 BTC in one day
  • ~9,364 BTC the next day

Combined, these two days accounted for over 17,000 BTC, marking a sharp increase compared to previous weekly averages.

Saylor Teased the Move

Michael Saylor hinted at the purchase ahead of time with a cryptic “Think Even Bigger” post, a pattern he has used before major acquisition announcements.

Dividend Strategy to Boost Demand

Alongside its Bitcoin buying spree, Strategy is also exploring changes to its investor offering.

The company recently proposed semi-monthly dividend payments for its STRC preferred shares, aiming to:

  • Stabilize share price
  • Increase liquidity
  • Attract more investor demand

If approved, Strategy would become one of the few companies globally to offer such frequent dividend payouts.

Strategy Doubles Down on Bitcoin Conviction

This latest purchase reinforces Strategy’s long-term bet on Bitcoin as a primary treasury asset.

Despite market volatility and unrealized losses in prior quarters, the company continues to accumulate aggressively, signaling strong confidence in Bitcoin’s future value.

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Crypto

Bitnomial Launches Injective Futures in US, Eyes Potential ETF Path

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Chicago-based crypto exchange Bitnomial has introduced monthly futures contracts tied to Injective, marking the first US-regulated derivatives product for the token and a potential step toward future ETF approval.

The launch gives traders regulated exposure to Injective’s native token without needing to directly hold the asset.

First US-Regulated Futures for Injective

According to the announcement, the new contracts settle in INJ and come with monthly expiries. Traders can gain price exposure while using either crypto or US dollars as margin through Bitnomial’s clearinghouse.

The move establishes a formal trading history for Injective in regulated markets, which could be significant for future financial products.

ETF Eligibility Could Follow

The listing also initiates a six-month track record, a key requirement that could support the approval of a spot exchange-traded fund under US Securities and Exchange Commission rules.

Earlier, Canary Capital filed for a staked INJ ETF, with Cboe BZX Exchange submitting a related rule change proposal to the SEC.

Institutional traders can access the futures immediately, while retail users are expected to gain access soon through Bitnomial’s Botanical platform. The exchange also plans to expand its offerings with perpetual futures and options tied to INJ.

Injective’s Role in DeFi Infrastructure

Injective operates on a Layer 1 blockchain designed for financial applications. It features an onchain order book and supports cross-chain functionality with networks such as Ethereum and Solana.

This infrastructure positions Injective as a key player in decentralized finance, particularly for trading and derivatives use cases.

Bitnomial Expands Altcoin Derivatives

Bitnomial, which operates under Commodity Futures Trading Commission oversight, continues to expand its range of crypto derivatives products.

In January, the exchange launched futures tied to Aptos, marking another step toward bringing altcoins into regulated US derivatives markets.

However, expanding beyond major cryptocurrencies has not been without challenges.

Regulatory Hurdles Persist

US-regulated crypto futures are still largely concentrated around Bitcoin and Ether, with altcoin-based products facing greater scrutiny.

Bitnomial previously attempted to list XRP futures in 2024, but the effort was challenged by the SEC. After legal proceedings, the exchange ultimately launched regulated XRP futures in March 2026, citing a shift in the regulatory landscape.

Other platforms have taken a more gradual approach. Coinbase introduced regulated Bitcoin and Ether futures for institutional clients in 2023 and later expanded access to retail traders. Meanwhile, Kraken strengthened its position in derivatives by acquiring NinjaTrader in a $1.5 billion deal.

Growing Momentum in US Crypto Derivatives

The launch of Injective futures reflects a broader push to expand regulated crypto derivatives offerings in the United States.

As regulatory clarity improves, more exchanges are exploring ways to introduce new products tied to altcoins, potentially paving the way for a wider range of ETFs and institutional investment opportunities.

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