Blockchain
A hands-on experience on some of the most popular smart contract platforms
In 2021, many smart contract platforms competed for users’ attention and attempted to be the next Ethereum killer. The terms DeFi, GameFi, and NFT, have been all over the media lately, and any of these would not be possible without smart contracts. As more smart contract platforms are introduced, it becomes hard for newcomers to choose which is right for them. This article will examine some of the most popular smart contract platforms and share our hands-on experience with them.
Ethereum
Token: ETH
TPS: 10
Ethereum is the world’s first smart contract platform. Developers create decentralized applications (dApps) on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) with an object-oriented programming language called solidity. Users can interact with dApps that operate autonomously. Since Ethereum is the first smart-contract-enabled blockchain platform, it has a lot of active developers and has the most Total Value Locked (TVL) in DeFi as far as blockchains are concerned. However, despite being the most popular smart contract platform, it still has a few downsides that make us try to stay away from it when possible. One drawback is the slow transaction speed since Ethereum can only process around 10 transactions per second (TPS). The other problem is the hefty transaction fee it charges when the network is busy, in which the fee may sometimes cost more than the transaction per se.
Binance Smart Chain
Token: BNB
TPS: 60
Binance Smart Chain (BSC) is a smart contract blockchain that is fully compatible with the EVM, so developers can leverage existing tools to write dApps without having to learn an entirely new language. In addition, the increase in transaction speed compared to Ethereum is welcoming. BSC started to gain traction earlier last year, it forked a lot of Ethereum projects that bootstrapped the entire ecosystem, and in the latter part of last year, we see GameFi booms on BSC. One most notable concern that many community members have is the centralization of the Binance chain since Binance is a centralized exchange, and most of its validators are connected to Binance. Nonetheless, BSC has a unique and strategic position in the entire crypto ecosystem.
Avalanche
Token: AVAX
TPS: 4,500
Avalanche is an open-source platform for launching DeFi applications and enterprise blockchain deployments in one interoperable, highly scalable ecosystem. Avalanche is the first smart contract platform that confirms transactions in under one second with finality on every block. It provides a new consensus mechanism with an adaptable platform optimized for enterprise adoption and developer needs while solving the challenging problems of scaling and security. The AVAX rush incentive plan also ignited the whole Avalanche ecosystem last year, with large price swings in the latter half of the year. We miss the low transaction fees that Avalanche offered at the very start. Another concern we have is their failure to keep up to date with various promises such as burning the foundation’s staking rewards and the introduction of feeless transactions. If Avalanche could significantly reduce its fees and improve communication while keeping its promises, it’s still a smart contract platform worth keeping an eye on.
Solana
Token: SOL
TPS: 2,000
Solana is a high-performance open-source blockchain. It provides a platform for dApps and next-generation protocols. With its Proof of History (PoH) consensus mechanism, the Solana blockchain allows for breakneck transaction speeds, claiming to scale to over 50,000 TPS on an open network, which is said to be possible due to Solana’s novel approach.This deterministic checkpointing mechanism that is used in place of synchronous consensus. However, Solana’s actual TPS is around 2,000, with more than 3/4 of these transactions being vote transactions. The seemingly inflated TPS widely promoted to the public might reflect the questionable design of the Solana platform. Even though it was once regarded as a crypto rising star, with its six blockchain outages happening in the last month alone, Solana is facing fundamental questions about its network stability, as well as the ability to maintain itself as a Wall Street darling.
TRON
Token: TRX
TPS: 2,000
TRON is an innovative open-source blockchain that focuses on providing a cost-effective settlement solution with the ultimate goal of decentralizing the internet. The high level of scalability offered by the system and its mandate for low costs are attractive propositions for those considering taking their first step into the crypto world. Since last April, the amount of Tether USDT on TRON has surpassed Ethereum to become the No.1 worldwide. TRON became the preferred blockchain for many when transferring and converting stablecoins because of its low fees. The TRON network’s increasing dApps and NFT projects also attracted many new users from other blockchains. However, we noticed that newcomers sometimes brought up the concept of bandwidth and energy on the TRON network. Although understanding bandwidth and energy is not necessary to make a transaction, users should be encouraged to look into them as utilizing these resources by staking a certain amount of TRX would enable one to send transactions or interact with smart contracts for free.
Throughout last year, we saw many smart contract platforms rising to compete with Ethereum, and each of them has its pros and cons. There is an incredibly increasing demand for a good smart contract platform, and every platform will eventually have its place in the ecosystem. Investors, users, and developers should take a closer look at each of these blockchains and pick the one that matches their needs best.
Blockchain
Velvet Rally Accelerates As SpaceX IPO Fever Reaches Crypto Markets
The Velvet (VELVET) chart tells a story that’s hard to ignore. After spending the better part of a year consolidating below $0.22, the token has exploded higher — surging over 300% since June 3 and briefly touching $1.10 before pulling back to trade around $0.87 at the time of writing. Looking at the daily chart, the move is near-vertical against months of flat price action, which makes the catalysts behind it worth examining closely.
Two announcements in quick succession appear to have done the repricing.
Trade.xyz Integration Opens the First Door
The rally’s starting gun was Velvet’s announced integration with Trade.xyz on June 3. The move is more significant than a typical partnership announcement — it represents a fundamental expansion of what the platform does. Rather than operating as a purely crypto-native tool, Velvet is now positioning itself as a single ecosystem where users can access crypto, stocks, commodities, research, and trade execution without jumping between separate applications.
That kind of multi-asset vision has been gaining traction as traders increasingly look for unified platforms that reduce friction. The breakout above the $0.20–$0.22 resistance zone — a level that had capped the price multiple times over the preceding months — came almost immediately after this announcement, suggesting the market considered it a genuine change in the project’s scope rather than a routine integration.
SpaceX IPO Mania Does the Rest
If the Trade.xyz integration lit the fuse, the pre-IPO announcement poured fuel on it. With SpaceX’s much-anticipated public debut increasingly on traders’ radar, Velvet announced that users can now access pre-IPO exposure to companies including SpaceX, OpenAI, and Anthropic — with leverage — directly on the platform.
That’s a compelling offer in the current environment. Pre-IPO access in traditional finance is generally reserved for institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals. The idea that retail crypto traders can get leveraged exposure to SpaceX before it officially lists is exactly the kind of narrative that spreads quickly across markets and drives speculative inflows at speed.
The timing of the price spike and the announcement aren’t coincidental.
Where Velvet Sits Now
Velvet has carved out a positioning that sits at the intersection of two of the most active narratives in markets right now: tokenized access to real-world assets and pre-IPO investing. Both themes have attracted serious capital in 2025 and 2026, and the combination of Trade.xyz’s multi-asset infrastructure with pre-IPO exposure to the most talked-about private companies gives the platform a differentiated pitch.
The chart, however, warrants some realism. A near-vertical move from under $0.15 to above $1.00 in a matter of days rarely holds without consolidation. The token has already pulled back from its peak, and whether it can establish the $0.20–$0.22 former resistance as a new support base will likely determine the near-term trajectory. A healthy retest of that zone after a move of this magnitude wouldn’t be unusual — and would arguably set a stronger foundation for any continuation.
For now, Velvet has the narrative, the announcements, and the chart to back the attention it’s receiving. Whether the momentum outlasts the initial excitement is the question traders are working through in real time.
Blockchain
Monolythium Introduces Public Testnet After Full Protocol Reset
Monolythium Foundation Introduces Public Testnet for Post-Quantum Rust/RISC-V Layer 1
Monolythium Foundation today introduced the public testnet for Monolythium, a rebuilt Layer 1 blockchain designed as settlement infrastructure for autonomous agents, post-quantum accounts, native markets, and operator-cluster infrastructure.
The launch follows a full protocol reset. On April 28, 2026, Monolythium decommissioned its predecessor Cosmos-based app-chain, including its earlier EVM-bridged surface, legacy test network, operator software, launchpad, and explorer. The project chose to rebuild the protocol around autonomous economic activity carried out by humans, companies, software agents, and online services on open settlement rails.
Monolythium’s position is that the next phase of blockchain infrastructure will not be defined only by wallets sending tokens. Software agents are beginning to request services, pay for APIs, buy compute, open escrow, negotiate terms, and act under delegated authority. That requires more than generic smart contracts. It requires identity, consent, spending policy, reputation, service discovery, native markets, and dispute resolution enforced below the application layer.
“Monolythium was not rebuilt to become a slightly faster version of an existing EVM chain,” said Nayiem Willems, founder of Monolythium. “The reset was about removing assumptions that would have limited the protocol later. If autonomous agents are going to hold identities, spend funds, pay service providers, open escrow, and build reputation across platforms, the settlement layer underneath them needs different primitives from day one.”
The rebuilt protocol is not EVM-compatible at execution. Existing Solidity contracts and EVM bytecode do not run natively on Monolythium. The execution layer is Rust-first and compiled to deterministic RISC-V artifacts, while common settlement functions are handled through native protocol modules instead of repeatedly redeployed application contracts.
Those native modules include asset standards, name registration, account policy, issuer attestations, service discovery, availability, reputation, escrow, bridge policy, spending limits, and a protocol-level spot central limit order book, or CLOB. The native CLOB is intended to provide shared spot-market infrastructure for token pairs, stablecoin pairs, compute, data, agent services, real-world assets, and other marketable resources without requiring every market to depend on a separate bespoke contract.
Monolythium deliberately excludes perpetual futures and margin trading from the base protocol. The market layer is designed around spot settlement rather than leveraged derivatives. The project’s view is that agents paying for services, buying compute, routing liquidity, or managing treasury balances need predictable markets and final settlement at the protocol layer.
Post-quantum cryptography is built into the protocol from the start. Monolythium uses ML-DSA-65 for account and consensus signatures. User accounts, operator identities, and consensus certificates are based on post-quantum signatures rather than classical elliptic-curve signatures. The reason is structural: if an account or autonomous agent accumulates reputation, consent history, commercial activity, and attestations over years, its key material becomes part of its economic identity. Monolythium is designed so that identity does not begin with a future migration problem.
At the consensus layer, Monolythium uses Starfish-C, a DAG-BFT design organized around vertices, waves, and anchors. Anchors serve as the user-facing finality unit for payments, orders, escrow updates, bridge routes, and agent actions.
Monolythium also uses operator clusters instead of treating a network operator as a single key controlled by one party. Operators join clusters, clusters admit operators, and infrastructure quality becomes visible through network tooling. The model is intended to make region, reliability, hardware profile, archive capability, oracle support, and other service tiers part of the operator market.
The public testnet also includes LythiumSeal, Monolythium’s encrypted mempool research track. LythiumSeal is designed to keep sealed transaction bodies opaque until ordering is locked, reducing the visibility that can enable front-running and transaction-order manipulation. It is live on testnet, open source, opt-in, and research-stage.
Monolythium mainnet has not launched. The current release is a public testnet intended for developers, operators, and researchers.
About Monolythium
Monolythium is a Rust/RISC-V-native Layer 1 blockchain designed as settlement infrastructure for the autonomous economy. The protocol combines post-quantum account and consensus signing, Starfish-C DAG-BFT consensus, native asset standards, a native spot CLOB, agent-commerce primitives, operator clusters, and hardened node infrastructure.
Blockchain
ERC-7943 Enters Final Status as Ethereum’s Framework for Real-World Asset Tokenization
The Universal Real-World Asset (uRWA) standard is now specification-frozen and ready for production adoption across Ethereum and EVM-compatible networks
ERC-7943, the Universal Real-World Asset (uRWA) standard, has reached Final status within Ethereum’s formal standards process. The specification is now frozen – with its interface, error definitions, event signatures, and behavioral requirements fixed – and is available for production adoption across Ethereum and EVM-compatible networks.
ERC-7943 defines a minimal, vendor-neutral interface for the compliant tokenization of real-world assets. The standard addresses transfer validation, asset freezing, forced transfers, and enforcement actions without binding implementers to a specific identity provider, jurisdictional framework, or compliance stack. This approach enables institutions and developers to deploy regulated assets across jurisdictions while retaining flexibility over underlying compliance infrastructure.
“ERC-7943 gives institutions and developers a modular interface for compliance, transfer controls, and enforcement, so they can deploy regulated assets in any jurisdiction without depending on a single vendor’s stack,”
said Dario Lo Buglio, lead author of ERC-7943. “Compliance becomes pluggable since the standard separates the on-chain interface from the underlying KYC, sanctions, and jurisdiction logic.”
Final status represents the threshold for enterprise adoption in Ethereum’s standards process, as proposals may undergo substantial changes before reaching this stage. ERC-7943 attained Final status following multiple cycles of community review through Ethereum Magicians and the EIP working group. With the standard now finalized, institutions and infrastructure providers can build on a stable specification designed for long-term interoperability.
Early adoption is already underway. The Capital Markets and Technology Association (CMTA) has integrated ERC-7943 into recent releases of CMTAT, its open-source tokenization framework deployed in institutional initiatives globally. Chainlink has separately demonstrated compatibility through a public pull request tied to its Asset Compliance Engine (ACE). Brickken plans to integrate ERC-7943 into upcoming institutional infrastructure upgrades, with the standard expected to become the default framework across its product suite. These developments signal a transition from specification to active deployment across infrastructure and compliance environments.
The coalition supporting ERC-7943 has grown since its September 2025 announcement and now spans the full RWA stack, encompassing issuance platforms, infrastructure providers, exchanges, marketplaces, identity vendors, and audit firms. Backers and contributors include Bit2me, Brickken, Casper Network, CMTA, Compellio, Dekalabs, DigiShares, Forte Protocol, FullyTokenized, Propchain, RealEstate.Exchange, Stobox, and Zoth. Hacken and QuillAudits serve as security and audit partners.
The standard is open for adoption by issuers, infrastructure providers, and developers building tokenized financial instruments. Documentation, reference implementations, and community channels are available at erc7943.org. The full specification is published at eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7943.
About Bit2me
Bit2Me is the leading cryptoassets company in Spain, registered with the CNMV as a Crypto Asset Service Provider (CASP). The company has been building crypto infrastructure for more than 10 years and holds several cybersecurity and regulatory compliance certifications, including: ISO 27001 for Information Security Management; ISO 22301 for Business Continuity Management; ISO 37001 for Anti-Bribery and Corporate Ethics; ISO 37301 for Compliance Management Systems; UNE 19601 for Criminal Compliance Management Systems; and the CSA STAR Level 1 certification. https://bit2me.com/
About Brickken
Brickken is a global leader in the tokenization of real-world assets, offering a comprehensive SaaS platform that enables businesses to tokenize equity, debt, and revenue-sharing models. By integrating traditional finance with blockchain technology, Brickken provides tools to simplify asset management, enhance investor engagement, and unlock liquidity. With over $500 million in tokenized assets and a presence in 30 countries, Brickken is at the forefront of innovation in asset tokenization. To learn more about Brickken, visit www.brickken.com/
About Compellio
Compellio SA is a deeptech company headquartered in Luxembourg providing global infrastructure components for bridging the gap between web2 and web3 computing. Based on its patented technology, Compellio works with public and private organisations in driving regulatory-compliant solutions across multiple industries. Compellio’s tokenisation platform enables developers to abstract away the complexity of smart contracts and build standardised interoperability frameworks for the lifecycle management of their physical, digital, and hybrid assets. For more information, visit https://compellio.com
About Dekalabs
Dekalabs is a Valencia-based software development and digital transformation consultancy specializing in cutting-edge blockchain solutions. With a multidisciplinary and senior technical team, they deliver bespoke services spanning mobile applications, web applications, corporate solutions, UI/UX, and artificial intelligence (dekalabs.com).
About DigiShares
DigiShares is a market-leading provider of white-label software for the compliant issuance, management, and trading of tokenized real-world assets. The platform enables asset owners and fund managers to fractionalize assets, onboard global investors at low cost, and provide peer-to-peer or exchange-based liquidity through integrations with regulated venues such as RealEstate.Exchange. With more than 200 clients worldwide, offices in the US and Denmark, a network of 80+ legal partners, and integrations across Ethereum, Polygon, and other EVM chains, DigiShares offers one of the most flexible and customizable solutions in the industry. See www.digishares.io.
About Hacken
Hacken is an end-to-end blockchain security & compliance partner for digital assets. Unlike traditional providers, Hacken was born on blockchain. We combine deep Web3 expertise with enterprise-grade quality, AI-powered offensive security, and globally recognized certifications. Since 2017, Hacken has been trusted by 1,500 adopters including the European Commission, ADGM, MetaMask, Ethereum Foundation, and Binance to secure the new digital frontier. Visit www.hacken.io
About the Forte Protocol
The Forte Protocol is a next-generation blockchain infrastructure that unlocks tokenized economies, enabling developers to define, launch, and monetize their on-chain projects. Through its ecosystem of products and services, Forte Protocol is the infrastructure layer for safe, enduring digital economies that generate long-term value for developers and users. For more information, visit ForteFoundation.io
About FullyTokenized
FullyTokenized is a boutique development company specializing in custom blockchain, tokenization, and Web3 solutions. With a proven track record of delivering successful projects in highly regulated financial environments, including for Fortune Global 500 institutions, the company has contributed to projects representing more than $500M in tokenized value. FullyTokenized also empowers Web3 startups, helping them launch products in under 90 days and scale within the decentralized ecosystem. Visit https://www.fullytokenized.com to learn more.
About Propchain
Propchain is the technology vertical of Prop.com, building institutional-grade infrastructure for real estate financing and tokenized capital markets. Backed by Prop.com’s ~$150M in AUM and active operations across Europe and the UAE, Propchain connects real-world deal flow to digital rails for origination, compliant issuance, lifecycle servicing, investor reporting, and secondary distribution. The company is building one of the world’s first fully unified, standardized, verified data infrastructure layers for real estate—harmonizing operational, financial, and legal data into auditable records that enhance underwriting, monitoring, and transparency. Securitisations are issued out of Luxembourg, aligning with European regulatory frameworks and institutional best practice. Propchain’s product suite, including PropYield, is purpose-built to bridge high-quality real assets with modern market infrastructure, enabling scalable access to real estate yield while preserving rigorous compliance, governance, and data integrity.
About RealEstate.Exchange
RealEstate.Exchange (REX) is the world’s first licensed and regulated exchange purpose-built for tokenized real estate shares. REX combines decentralized finance technology with full compliance layers, enabling investors worldwide—both retail and institutional—to trade tokenized real estate shares directly from their self-custodial wallets. The platform offers instantaneous atomic-swap settlement, competitive listing fees, and a liquidity framework supported by the BRICK token. With its global legal network and partnerships with licensed entities, REX aims to become the go-to venue for secondary trading of tokenized real estate, see www.realestate.exchange.
About Stobox
Stobox is a turnkey asset tokenization provider and technology company focused on building the infrastructure for compliant digital assets. It enables businesses and individuals to transform real-world assets into tokenized instruments that are transparent, liquid, and accessible. Core solutions include Stobox 4 for token issuance and management, the STV3 Protocol for compliant token frameworks, Stobox DID for digital identity, and the Stobox Oracle for real-world data integration. Its structured methodology supports issuers across every stage of the tokenization lifecycle, from legal readiness to fundraising and secondary markets. Companies benefit from streamlined access to capital and global investors, while investors gain exposure to previously illiquid opportunities. https://www.stobox.io/
About Zoth
Zoth is reimagining global finance with the world’s first full-stack, modular Stablecoin Operating System, enabling enterprises and institutions to launch stablecoins and tokenized RWAs 90% faster and 70% cheaper. Its core products include FAAST (compliant tokenization infrastructure), Stablecoin Studio (stablecoin-in-a-box), ZeUSD (yield-bearing stablecoin), and PayX7 (stablecoin payments infrastructure).
Zoth delivers a full-stack suite spanning tokenization, payments, and yield management, supported by BVI & CIMA-regulated fund structures across 127 countries. Recognized by Messari as a top player in PayFi and RWAFi, Zoth combines compliance, scalability, and innovation to power the future of real-world finance. Visit https://zoth.io/.
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