Tech
A Study Reveals Critical Flaws in the Transaction Costs of Ethereum Layer-2 rollups
A recent academic study warns that Ethereum’s scaling solutions, known as Ethereum Layer-2 rollups, are incorrectly pricing small transactions. The research, conducted by experts from zkSecurity, Prooflab, and Imperial College London, indicates that current fee models distort the actual cost, directly affecting users with lower-volume operations. This situation not only leads to overcharging but also opens new security vulnerabilities.
The report’s main finding details that a major issue is that current fee structures are overly simplistic. These models group various costs—such as execution, data availability, and cryptographic proofs—into a single formula or apply fixed rules. As a result, small transactions end up being overpriced, forcing users to pay more than they should. Conversely, other operations may be underpriced, creating an imbalance that can be exploited.
This pricing problem arises in a context where Ethereum Layer-2 rollups are fundamental to the network’s scalability. Their goal is to process transactions off the main chain to reduce costs and increase speed. However, the research shows that the method for recording this data on the mainnet does not adequately distinguish between transactions, applying fixed costs that harm smaller operations and benefit larger ones.
The implications of this flaw are twofold. For the market, it means that ordinary users making modest transfers or interacting with low-value decentralized applications are unknowingly subsidizing higher-volume operations. Furthermore, from a security standpoint, it creates an attack vector, as malicious actors could flood the network with spam at an artificially low cost. This type of denial-of-service (DoS) attack would degrade network performance and increase costs for everyone.
Towards a Fairer Fee Model on Layer 2
The study underscores the urgent need to redesign the fee models in Ethereum Layer-2 rollups to more accurately reflect the true cost of each transaction. Although these solutions are vital for Ethereum’s future, their sustainability depends on implementing more sophisticated and equitable mechanisms. The next step for developers will be to create dynamic fee structures that protect small users and strengthen the overall security of the ecosystem, ensuring that scalability is not achieved at the expense of fairness and network robustness.
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Tech
NEAR Protocol Confirms Verifiable Private Inference for AI
NEAR Protocol has detailed a new technical approach to AI execution, confirming that NEAR AI now utilizes secure hardware enclaves to provide verifiable private inference. The system is designed to return hardware-signed proofs that verify the specific model used, the data processed, and the execution itself, addressing growing concerns over data sovereignty and the limitations of closed AI models.
The development shifts the trust model from contractual agreements to cryptographic and hardware-level certainty. By running AI agents within a user-owned stack, NEAR aims to provide a structural alternative to centralized AI providers, particularly in light of increasing export controls and data privacy restrictions.
Secure Enclaves and Hardware Proofs
At the core of this update is the use of Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), such as Intel TDX and confidential GPUs. According to official NEAR AI documentation, these secure enclaves allow inference to run in an isolated environment where memory is encrypted at the CPU level. This prevents host operators, hypervisors, or unauthorized third parties from accessing the data being processed.
AI sovereignty wasn’t a hot topic, but NEAR’s been building for it for years. Then export bans and government equity stakes changed the conversation fast.
NEAR AI already runs a user-owned stack, and IronClaw secures the agent layer.
Sovereignty you can verify. https://t.co/69SHawbBQA pic.twitter.com/TbVtk7PNBY
— NEAR Protocol (@NEARProtocol) July 9, 2026
The system generates a cryptographic “attestation” or hardware-signed certificate. This proof allows users or third parties to verify that the workload ran exactly as intended without being modified. The NEAR Protocol official account noted that the IronClaw security layer is used to protect the agent level, ensuring that users maintain sovereignty over their data and model interactions.
Addressing Data Sovereignty
The move toward verifiable inference comes as a response to the “closed” nature of frontier AI models. In typical cloud-based AI interactions, users must rely on the provider’s contractual promise that data is not being stored or used for training. NEAR’s implementation replaces this reliance on trust with “structural assurances,” where the silicon itself proves the security of the environment.
This approach is particularly relevant for:
- Export Controls: Providing verifiable proof of hardware and execution locations.
- Sensitive Workloads: Allowing institutions to run models on rented cloud compute without exposing proprietary data to the cloud provider.
- Model Integrity: Ensuring that the specific version of an AI model requested is the one actually performing the task.
Status and Integration
While the technical framework for private inference and hardware attestation is now officially documented and confirmed, specific adoption metrics remain pending. The available sources do not yet provide data on total usage numbers or a comprehensive list of third-party integrations launched within the last 48 hours. The current focus remains on the deployment of human-owned AI stacks that leverage these secure hardware proofs to bypass centralized bottlenecks.
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Tech
NEAR Protocol launches Confidential Intents for private AI execution
NEAR Protocol has moved its Confidential Intents framework to general availability, enabling developers and decentralized applications to process private transactions across multiple blockchains. The rollout integrates directly into the NEAR Intents 1Click Swap API and was confirmed in an official announcement from NEAR Protocol, positioning the feature as part of a broader infrastructure push aimed at confidential cross-chain markets and AI-driven execution.
Under the updated system, users and autonomous agents can express desired trade outcomes without routing orders through public mempools or exposing execution details during settlement. According to project materials, execution privacy is maintained through a dedicated private shard on the NEAR network, which verifies settlement integrity while keeping order parameters and routing data hidden from public explorers. The design allows both human-facing dashboards and AI agents to operate across fragmented liquidity sources without revealing trading logic.
The functionality is currently live on near.com, where users can activate Confidential Mode before executing cross-chain swaps. The interface leverages NEAR Intents as a universal liquidity layer, abstracting bridge selection, token routes and fee estimation into a single-step transaction. Project documentation indicates that the underlying intent infrastructure has historically processed billions of dollars in aggregate swap volume across integrated chains, though the baseline usage share transitioning to the confidential rails was not disclosed in the launch materials.
Confidential Intents is framed as infrastructure for what NEAR describes as a user-owned agentic economy, where AI applications can execute on-chain actions without broadcasting proprietary strategies or wallet balances. The available source notes that the framework relies on private compute environments, but cryptographic verification methods, third-party audit status and long-term validator incentives were not detailed alongside the general availability announcement.
The update marks a protocol-level release rather than a confirmed adoption milestone. Real-world integration will depend on how quickly independent dApps adopt the 1Click Swap API and whether independent audits substantiate the privacy guarantees under live network conditions. On-chain activity metrics and third-party developer implementation data were not available at the time of publication.
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Tech
BNB Chain Launches Agent Studio for On-Chain AI Agent Development
BNB Chain has officially launched BNB Agent Studio, a developer platform designed to streamline the creation and deployment of autonomous AI agents on its network. The infrastructure went live on July 1 and provides builders with a unified environment to launch agents that can hold on-chain wallets, execute transactions, and operate independently without manual oversight.
According to the project, developers can spin up a functional agent using familiar coding interfaces such as Cursor or Claude Code. The platform automatically handles identity provisioning, wallet generation, and payment routing, aiming to remove the need to manually integrate separate infrastructure layers.
The system is co-engineered with the AWS Generative AI Innovation Center and routes agents to Amazon Bedrock AgentCore for cloud hosting, though initial trial access allows builders to experiment via GitHub without an active AWS account.
The studio builds on the BNB Agent SDK, which BNB Chain released in May. That earlier update established modular standards for agent identity, commerce capabilities, payment handling, and memory persistence onchain.
By packaging these standards into a single interface, the platform attempts to reduce the technical fragmentation that has historically slowed autonomous agent development. PancakeSwap has been integrated as a launch partner, giving deployed agents immediate access to a decentralized trading venue.
BNB Chain has outlined a bi-weekly update cadence for the platform, with additional developer tooling expected to roll out as testing begins. While the technical stack is now publicly accessible, real-world usage metrics and long-term agent reliability remain unproven. The launch provides foundational infrastructure for on-chain agent deployment, but broader adoption will depend on how effectively developers utilize the environment beyond initial experimentation.
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